Alabama A&M University

About AAMU
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University reflects the uniqueness of the traditional land-grant institution which combines professional, vocational and liberal arts pursuits. The University provides baccalaureate and graduate studies that are compatible with the times to all qualified, capable individuals who are interested in further developing their technical, professional, and scholastic skills and competencies. It operates in the three-fold function of teaching, research, and public service, including extension. A center of substance and excellence, Alabama A&M University provides a setting for the emergence of scholars, leaders, thinkers, and other contributors to society. Specifically, the University is committed to:

Excellence in education and a scholarly environment in which inquiring and discriminating minds may be nourished.
The education of students for effective participation in local, state, regional, national, and international societies.
The search for new knowledge through research and its applications.
The provision of a comprehensive outreach program designed to meet the changing needs of the larger community.
Programs necessary to adequately address the major needs and problems of capable students who have experienced limited access to education.
Integration of state-of-the-art technology into all aspects of University functions.

Alabama A&M University, in cooperation with businesses, industrial and governmental agencies, and other institutions, provides a laboratory where theory is put into practice in a productive environment.

Air Force Institute of Technology

Air University, headquartered at Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala., is a key component of Air Education and Training Command, and is the Air Force's center for professional military education.

Mission

Air University provides the full spectrum of Air Force education, from pre-commissioning to the highest levels of professional military education, including degree granting and professional continuing education for officers, enlisted and civilian personnel throughout their careers. AU's PME programs educate Airmen on the capabilities of air and space power and its role in national security. These programs focus on the knowledge and abilities needed to develop, employ, command, and support air, space and cyberspace power at the highest levels. Specialized professional continuing educational programs provide scientific, technological, managerial and other professional expertise to meet the needs of the Air Force. AU conducts research in air, space and cyberspace power, education, leadership and management. AU also provides citizenship programs and contributes to the development and testing of Air Force doctrine, concepts and strategy.

Personnel and Resources

Air University's primary operating locations are concentrated on three main installations. Most AU programs are at Maxwell AFB in northwest Montgomery, Ala.; some are across town at Maxwell's Gunter Annex; and one is located at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. Although AU draws students from throughout the Department of Defense and from the military forces of other nations, its mission is more easily described in terms of the two main groups it's primarily organized to serve: U.S. Air Force commissioned officers and enlisted members. For each Airman, educational opportunities begin before they enter active service and follow them throughout their careers.

History

The Wright Brothers established the first U.S. civilian flying school in Montgomery in 1910. By the 1920s, Montgomery became an important link in the growing system of aerial mail service. In the early 1930s the Army Air Corps Tactical School moved to Maxwell and Montgomery became the country's intellectual center for airpower education.

Air University, established in 1946, continues the proud tradition of educating tomorrow's planners and leaders, in air, space and cyberspace power for the Air Force, other branches of the U.S. armed forces, federal government civilians and international organizations. Today, Air University's reach spans not only the globe, but the careers of every Air Force member.
AETC Mission
Air Education and Training Command, with headquarters at Randolph Air Force Base near San Antonio, Texas, was established July 1, 1993, with the realignment of Air Training Command and Air University. AETC's role makes it the first command to touch the life of almost every Air Force member.

AETC's mission is to develop America's Airmen today... for tomorrow.

Air Force Institute of Technology

About AFIT

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The Air Force Institute of Technology, or AFIT, is the Air Force’s graduate school of engineering and management as well as its institution for technical professional continuing education. A component of Air University and Air Education and Training Command, AFIT is committed to providing defense-focused graduate and professional continuing education and research to sustain the technological supremacy of America’s air and space forces.

AFIT accomplishes this mission through three resident schools: the Graduate School of Engineering and Management, the School of Systems and Logistics, and the Civil Engineer and Services School. Through its Civilian Institution Programs, AFIT also manages the educational programs of officers enrolled in civilian universities, research centers, hospitals, and industrial organizations. Since resident degrees were first granted in 1956, more than 16,000 graduate and 350 doctor of philosophy degrees have been awarded. In addition, Air Force students attending civilian institutions have earned more than 12,000 undergraduate and graduate degrees in the past twenty years.


AFIT's Mission
Advance air, space, and cyberspace power for the Nation, its partners, and our armed forces by providing relevant defense-focused technical graduate and continuing education, research, and consultation



AFIT's Vision
Be the internationally recognized leader for defense-focused technical graduate and continuing education, research, and consultation

AIB College of Business

Register now for AIB ‘Dance Mania’ for Special Olympics

You could be dancing – from noon to midnight – Saturday, May 5, at “Dancing Through the Decades” Dance Mania, a dance marathon sponsored by the Hospitality Travel Management Association (HTMA) at AIB College of Business. The event at AIB’s Activities Center, 2500 Fleur Drive, benefits Special Olympics Iowa.

Here’s what to do: Go to www.firstgiving.com/soiowa/aib2012dancemania and create a page to register in advance. The registration fee is $30 per person, and teams of two are required to dance.

Then enlist sponsors to support your effort, and start planning what to wear – costumes will be judged, so come dressed in attire from your favorite decade. Prizes will be awarded for best costume and a variety of other categories – including top fundraiser.

Check-in starts at 11 a.m., with a rules briefing at 11:45 a.m. Dancing begins at noon, and a meal will be served at 6 p.m. for registered participants.

Agnes Scott College

Wednesday, March 07, 2012
Acclaimed Authors Speaking, Teaching at 41st Annual Writers’ Festival

Friday, March 02, 2012
Professor Receives Accolades for Debut Novel

Wednesday, February 15, 2012
ASC Achieves Silver in National Sustainability Program

Wednesday, February 15, 2012
Agnes Scott Again Named a Best Value

Friday, February 24, 2012
Lilly Ledbetter to Speak at ASC

Monday, January 30, 2012
ASC to Host Softball Tournament in Honor of Lauren Giddings

Friday, January 20, 2012
Faith and Learning Lecture: Agreeing to Disagree

Wednesday, February 15, 2012
Liberal Arts the Topic of This Year’s Founder’s Day Convocation

Tuesday, December 20, 2011
Highly-Skilled Immigrants Create Jobs for Americans, According to Study

Monday, December 19, 2011
Record Number of Entries for Writers’ Festival Contest

Tuesday, December 06, 2011
Amber Dermont Awarded NEA Literature Fellowship

Wednesday, November 30, 2011
Grant Bolsters Undergrad Research Outside the Lab

Wednesday, January 11, 2012
Author John Green to Speak at Agnes Scott

Friday, November 18, 2011
Agnes Scott Now Diverts 73% of Waste from Landfills

Monday, October 31, 2011
Kiplinger Again Ranks ASC a Best Value Private College

Wednesday, November 30, 2011
Author of The Phantom Tollbooth to Speak at Agnes Scott

Friday, October 21, 2011
ASC One of Handful of Liberal Arts Colleges to Offer Undergrad Public Health Major

Tuesday, October 11, 2011
Agnes Scott Joins Launch of $1 Billion Green Challenge

Tuesday, November 08, 2011
Waqas Khwaja to Discuss Contributions of Sir William Jones

Monday, November 07, 2011
Ethics Lecture: Assisting the Poor in Non-Poor Countries

Friday, October 07, 2011
Olympic Medalist Joins ASC as Head Basketball Coach

Friday, September 30, 2011
Agnes Scott Receives Record Number of Fall Applications

Thursday, September 22, 2011
ASC Partners to Pilot Green Home Renovation Program

Tuesday, September 13, 2011
U.S. News Again Ranks Agnes Scott a Great School at a Great Price

Thursday, September 08, 2011
Student Chosen as One of Glamour’s “Top 10 College Women”

Adrian College

Adrian College is your path to...

EXPERIENCE
Adrian College offers coursework relevant to the real world, exceptional study abroad opportunities, and effective career preparation.

MENTORS
With small, interactive classes, our expert faculty will share their wealth of knowledge, focus on your personal goals & interests, and provide strong academic advising.

LEADERSHIP
Be a leader on the playing field, in the classroom, or with numerous campus organizations. Many of our students are active volunteers in the community.

VICTORY
As a member of the MIAA, the nation's oldest athletic association, Adrian College has a history of academic & athletic All-Americans. Currently, we have 22 varsity teams and 5 club sports. Learn more at adrianbulldogs.com.

SUCCESS
Adrian College students have an enviable placement rate into desired careers and graduate school programs. While at Adrian you will develop confidence and experience personal growth in a small-college environment. And our liberal arts foundation contributes to your long-term marketability in the changing career world.

Adler School of Professional Psychology

Welcome
Welcome to the website for the Adler School of Professional Psychology. Here, you’ll find information about our academic programs, talented faculty, and social justice initiatives, as well as gain access to services and resources. You’ll also find ways to support our work.
The Adler School is founded on an important idea: our health resides in our community life and connections. This notion, which Alfred Adler called gemeinschaftsgefuhl, or social interest, was revolutionary when he proposed it in turn-of-the-century Vienna, and it remains so today. Our ground-breaking and far-reaching curricula, our commitment to community engagement, and even the design of our new website all spring from this guiding idea.
Our world faces extraordinary challenges. Much of the conflict and disease that threatens our communities is rooted in an inability to see others as people like ourselves, worthy of respect and opportunity. At the Adler School, we educate socially responsible practitioners to lead the way in healing these divisions within and beyond Chicago and Vancouver. Socially responsible practitioners are prepared to meet the needs of a complex and changing world.
We work with students who are courageous enough to want to change the world. To prepare them for the challenges they will face, we offer demanding curricula and hands-on experiences. This blend of theory, science, and practice results in graduates who have the knowledge, skills, and values to be effective personal and social change agents in the pursuit of justice.
Our faculty are practitioners who bring a range of experiences and perspectives to the classroom. They regularly rethink and improve our pedagogy, and they build new academic programs to meet emerging social needs. For example, in September 2011, our Chicago campus began offering two new tracks within the Doctor of Psychology in Clinical Psychology program: a Military Clinical Psychology Track and a Child & Adolescent Psychology Track. The Chicago campus has also been approved to launch a Master of Arts in Criminology program in fall 2012 – the Adler School’s first 100% online program. In Vancouver, the School now offers a Master of Arts in Community Psychology to prepare leaders in the government and community agency sectors.
Outside my office is a quotation from Alfred Adler that reads: “The school must not regard itself as an end in itself and must keep in mind that the individual must be trained for society and not the school.” This quote focuses my attention on our responsibility to our Adlerian legacy, to our students, and to our need to innovate and grow the Adler School in service to the world.
After careful planning, hard work, and incredible growth, we are poised to make the coming years a historic and transformational era for the Adler School. In our recently published strategic plan, we identify the achievements we will secure by 2015. I look forward to collaborating with our extended community—students, alumni, faculty, staff, trustees, partners, and supporters—as we continue on a path of success and excellence.
Please enjoy the information, ideas, and images on this site. I hope this visit is the first of many you will make to the Adler School.
Raymond E. Crossman, Ph.D.
President

Adler Graduate School

Directory of Staff at AGS

Director of Admissions and Student Services:
Evelyn Haas
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 103
E-mail: ev@alfredadler.edu

Director of Financial Aid, Registrar:
Jeanette Maynard Nelson
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 102
E-mail: jeanette@alfredadler.edu

Business Operations Director:
Leslie Rohde
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 101
E-mail: leslie@alfredadler.edu

President:
Daniel A. Haugen, PhD
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 107
E-mail: haugen@alfredadler.edu

Academic Vice President:
David J. Mathieu
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 106
E-mail: david.mathieu@alfredadler.edu

Assistant to the President:
Margie McGovern
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 100
E-mail: margie@alfredadler.edu

Media Center Coordinator:
Earl Heinrich, BA
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 114
Email: earl@alfredadler.edu, eheinr007@aol.com

Staff Accountant :
Ray Li
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 101
E-mail: ray@alfredadler.edu

Administrative Assistant:
Barbara Bedell
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 105
E-mail: barb@alfredadler.edu

Network and Computer Systems Associate:
Paul Kaiser
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 110
Email: p.kaiser@mail.alfredadler.edu

Director of Clinical Licensing Programs and Adlerian Studies:
Roger Ballou, PhD, LMFT, LPCC
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 109
Email: balloura@aol.com

Director for Internship and Clinical Leadership Development:
Herb Laube, PhD, LP, LMFT
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 113
E-mail: herblaube@aol.com

Assistant Academic Vice President & School Counseling Program Director:
Chris Helgestad, MA
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 108
E-mail: chris.helgestad@alfredadler.edu

School Counseling Program Associate:
Amy Wojciechowski, MA
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 118
E-Mail: amy@mail.alfredadler.edu

Institutional Review and Assessment Director:
William J. Premo, PhD
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 111
E-mail: William.Premo@alfredadler.edu

Art Therapy Program Director:
Craig Balfany
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 115
E-mail: crgbalf@aol.com

Professional Life Coaching Coordinator:
Paula Hemming, MA, PCC
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 112
E-mail: coachpaula@earthlink.net

Director for Online Education and Special Projects:
Marina Bluvshtein, PhD, LP
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 117
E-mail: drb@soulinmotion.us or online@alfredadler.edu

Project Manager:
Deb Velasco
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 120
E-mail: Debbie.Velasco@mail.alfredadler.edu

Building Manager/Custodian:
Jim Jagodzinski
Phone: (612) 861-7554 ext. 119
E-mail: jim.jagodzinski@mail.alfredadler.edu

Adelphi University

The Adelphi Timeline



1893
Charles H. Levermore becomes the Principal of Adelphi Academy, a private preparatory school located at 412 Adelphi Avenue in Brooklyn, New York. Levermore's goal is to expand the academy, known for its innovative curriculum, into a four-year, coeducational liberal arts college.

1894
Timothy L. Woodruff becomes President of the Board of Trustees of Adelphi Academy and petitions the Board of Regents of the State of New York to establish a liberal arts college in the city of Brooklyn. Woodruff would later serve three terms as the Lieutenant Governor for the State of New York.

1896
Levermore's dream becomes a reality. The Charter for Adelphi College is granted on June 24, 1896—one of the earliest granted to a coeducational college by the Board of Regents. Charles H. Levermore becomes the first president of Adelphi College. Classes begin in September with 57 students and 16 instructors.

1908
Timothy L. Woodruff steps down as president of the board of trustees, but remains a member until 1913. James H. Post, philanthropist and sugar magnate, succeeds him.

1912
Adelphi had been known since its inception as a premier school for women. In 1912, the Board votes to make Adelphi a college exclusively for women.

1915
Frank D. Blodgett receives unanimous Board approval to become the second president of Adelphi, succeeding Charles H. Levermore.

1922
Faced with increasing enrollment, Adelphi seeks to raise $1 million to expand the facilities.

1925
The College severs all financial and academic ties with Adelphi Academy. The monogram in the school seal is changed from "AA" to "AC" and the founding date is changed from 1869 to 1896.

1928
Enrollment surges. 652 students are attending classes in a building designed to accommodate 560 students. Looking ahead to the future, President Blodgett and a committee of trustees search for a new site for the college. The committee selects 68 acres in Garden City, Long Island. On October 8, 1928, the cornerstone of the first new college building is laid.

1929
Classes begin on Monday, September 30 on Adelphi's new Garden City campus in three buildings designed by the renowned architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White.

1937
In the midst of the Depression, Adelphi is forced into receivership. A new president, Paul Dawson Eddy is faced with the task of saving the College. He redesigns the curriculum to include practical and vocational skills, adds prominent Long Island businessmen to the Board of Trustees and reduces the size of the faculty. Eddy's strategy of meeting the demands of the community will dominate Adelphi's development for the next half century.

1938
Internationally renowned choreographer and dancer Ruth St. Denis becomes the head of the first dance department at an American college.

1943
Under the direction of Mildred Montag, Adelphi establishes the first Central Collegiate School of Nursing and the U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps in New York State. Created in response to the need for nurses after the United States' entry into World War II, the Nursing School extends Adelphi leadership in professional education.

1944
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt dedicates Harvey and Alumnae, two new dormitories financed by the Federal Works Agency needed to house the increasing number of nursing students.

1946
After the end of World War II, Adelphi again opens it doors to men, giving an opportunity to the many veterans seeking to further their education under the GI Bill.

1947
The post-war period is marked by expansion into new areas relating to business. The admission of men spurs the creation of basketball, football, swimming, wrestling, baseball, and track teams.

1949
School of Social Work is founded.

1952
Adelphi's program in clinical psychology is formally organized.

1955
The College marks its 60th anniversary with a three-day series of lectures and cultural events.

Enrollment hits 3,667.

A Ford Foundation grant for $407,000 supports increasing faculty salaries.

1963
Adelphi is granted university status by the Board of Regents of the State of New York.

The Leon A. Swirbul Library opens, named for Adelphi trustee and Grumman Corporation founder.

The faculty grows to 209, and the campus expands from the original three buildings to 16 on 70 acres of land.

1964
The Board of Regents establishes the School of Business Administration (now the School of Business) as a distinct unit, conferring baccalaureate and master's degrees.

1965
Arthur Brown named president of Adelphi following Paul Dawson Eddy's retirement.

The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences is established.

1966
The Institute for Advanced Psychological Studies (since rededicated as the Gordon F. Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies) becomes the world's first university-based professional program in clinical psychology.

1967
Robert Olmsted, a member of the board of trustees, is appointed interim president.

1969
Charles Vevier is appointed president.

1971
Trustee Randall McIntyre becomes acting president.

1972
Timothy Costello is named president of Adelphi.

The Ruth S. Harley University Center is dedicated. Harley's association with Adelphi would span over eight decades as a student, professor, Registrar, and Dean of Women (later Dean of Students), a post she held from 1942 to 1970, and distinguished alumna. Following her retirement in 1970, she was appointed Dean Emeritus, a scholarship fund and student center were named in her honor, and the Ruth Stratton Harley Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award was established in 2004. She died July 4, 2005 at the age of 103.

1973
University College establishes ABLE (Adult Baccalaureate Learning Experience), one of the earliest adult education baccalaureate programs.

Adelphi's School of Social Work opens a satellite program in Poughkeepsie, New York.

1979
President Tim Costello establishes an Honors Program in Liberal Studies.

1980
The Adelphi New York Statewide Breast Cancer Hotline and Support Program is established.

1984
The Institute for Teaching and Education Studies is created.

1985
Peter Diamandopoulos is selected as president.

1990
The University establishes a core curriculum, an interdisciplinary approach to general education. Required courses are taken throughout the four-year course of study to provide the context in which knowledge advances understanding.

The Institute for Teaching and Education Studies is reorganized as the School of Education.

1993
The Society of Mentors is established to provide every freshman and sophomore with a distinguished faculty adviser to enhance their University experience and guide them beyond the requirements of the curriculum.

1995
The Honors College is established to educate American leaders. The rigorous course of study includes small classes, a specially selected faculty, and co-curricular and extracurricular activities.

1999
Steven L. Isenberg is named interim president.

2000
Dr. Robert Allyn Scott is inaugurated as Adelphi's ninth President.

Adelphi celebrates 25 years of Performing Arts in the Olmsted Theatre.

2002
Adelphi's Hauppauge Center opens in Suffolk County.

A ceremonial ground breaking for a new residence hall is held.

Adelphi joins the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta and its 75-acre Garden City campus is designated the Arboretum at Adelphi.

2003
The building that houses Adelphi's School of Business is dedicated as the Hagedorn Hall of Enterprise.

Adelphi honors Mildred Montag and the 60th anniversary of its School of Nursing.

The Honors College celebrates 25 years at Adelphi.

2004
Adelphi celebrates its 75th anniversary in Garden City.

University Professor of Music Paul Moravec is awarded the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Music.

The Women’s Lacrosse team wins the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II Championship, the first national title for a women’s program at Adelphi.

Women’s Soccer advances to the NCAA Championship Game for the first time since 1992. The Panthers finish as National Runners-up.

AU Men’s Soccer turns 50.

2005
The visual arts at Adelphi are given a new home, with the construction of a new state-of-the-art Fine Arts and Facilities Building, later named the Adele and Herbert J. Klapper Center for Fine Arts.

Swirbul Library gets a makeover, thanks to an extensive interior renovation.

A $1 million gift from Amy and Horace Hagedorn paves the way for Adelphi’s new Early Learning Center.

Adelphi celebrates 30 years of women’s athletics.

Adelphi receives the “Leadership in Higher Education” award from Long Island Works Coalition.

President Robert A. Scott is named one of Long Island's 100 most influential Long Islanders by Long Island Business News.

2006
The School of Education is renamed the Ruth S. Ammon School of Education, in honor of alumna Ruth S. Ammon ’42, mother of Carol A. Ammon M.B.A. ’79, Adelphi Trustee and benefactor.

Adelphi University receives a $5 million grant from New York State, the largest public grant in its 110-year history, which will help fund the construction of the new Performing Arts Center.

Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers the University’s 110th Commencement address at Nassau Coliseum.

Adelphi is recognized as a “Best Buy” in the Fiske Guide to Colleges.

New multiple-building instructional, performing arts, and sports complexes, slated for 2008-2009 completion, will enhance Adelphi’s academic, artistic, athletic, and recreational programs.

Adelphi becomes the only university on Long Island, and one of a handful in New York State, to offer a Ph.D. in nursing.

New York Times reporter Bruce Lambert chronicles Adelphi’s recent success in an article in the Metro Section.

Women’s Lacrosse repeats as NCAA Division II National Champions.

Women’s Soccer celebrates 25 Years at Adelphi.

2007
The Ruth S. Ammon School of Education is awarded National Accreditation by National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), the premier accrediting body in the field.

Adelphi’s School of Business earns accreditation by AACSB International—The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, the longest serving and largest global accrediting body for business schools that offer undergraduate, master's, and doctoral degrees in business and accounting.
This page was last modified on October 7, 2011.

Adams State College

About Adams State



“Great Stories Begin Here” is not simply a slogan at Adams State College. Student success is the result of our caring campus culture. Our highly qualified faculty focus on teaching and excellence within their disciplines.
Transformation & Growth
Adams State has entered a new era of growth, recording an all-time high enrollment of 3,701 in fall 2011. The campus has been transformed, with $65 million worth of improvements nearly complete. An intimate campus with treed-lined walkways, state-of-the-art classrooms and laboratories, supportive programs, and vibrant student life await Adams State students.
Founded in 1921 as a teachers' college, Adams State is now a comprehensive liberal arts college offering 16 undergraduate majors with 28 minors and emphases, as well as 8 master’s degree programs – most offered online. New academic programs are developed to address student and societal need.
Expanding Opportunity
As the Regional Education Provider for southern Colorado, Adams State is crucial to enhancing the area’s educational opportunity, economic development, and cultural enrichment. Adams State emphasizes its historic commitment to underserved populations, including underrepresented minorities, first-generation, and low-income students.
Adams State was Colorado’s first higher education institution to be federally designated a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI). Since 2000, the college has been awarded a total of $14.1 million in Title V grants designed to strengthen HSIs. Two five-year grants totaling $6.1 million are currently underway.
Colorado’s premier small college
Adams State is distinguished by caring professors, small classes, and a diverse, yet close-knit community. This environment fosters student engagement, and individual attention helps students achieve their best.

Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin

AOMA Mission Statement
The mission of AOMA is to transform lives and communities through graduate education in Oriental medicine by:

Providing excellent and innovative teaching of acupuncture and Oriental medicine to learners while developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes that lead to intellectual and personal growth
Delivering high quality acupuncture and Oriental medical healthcare to our patients
Providing leadership for the development of acupuncture and Oriental medicine professionals
Vision
AOMA’s vision is to be a leader in Oriental medicine education by engaging our communities and by preparing compassionate and skilled practitioners who embody the art and spirit of healing.

Our Core Values
We recognize that the outcomes we produce result from the collective activities that are consistent with the following core values:

Sustainability: Our programs and community engagements are sustainable and effective.
Integrity: We do what we say we will do. In our communication we are honest and complete.
Inspiration: We are called into action by a spirit of purposeful aliveness.
Flexibility and openness: We conscientiously choose our actions in consideration of all the parties involved.
Professionalism: In all that we do, we are impeccable, clear and complete.
Compassion and Service: In word and action, we look for opportunities to benefit others.
AOMA Educational Objectives
Graduates of the AOMA master degree program will:

Have the knowledge base necessary to enter the profession
Practice professional behaviors and values
Provide patient centered care
Incorporate evidence and experience based practices
Participate in collaborative patient care

Academy of Art University

The Academy of Art University works hard to keep up with industry standards, and we recruit top faculty who often have limited availability. Courses are added to the schedule continuously, and course schedules do change. To view the most up-to-date course schedules and course offerings, please use the online course schedule above. If you have not yet graduated from high school, the Academy of Art University Pre-College Program is an intensive program for high school students, allowing them to explore art and design, and prepare themselves for art school.

Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College

Involved in all phases of campus life, Jessica Still from Blakely loves being a student at Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College. The journalism and mass media major appreciates the college and the people that make ABAC such a quality learning institution.
“People here are very friendly and full of Southern hospitality,” Still said. “Everywhere you turn there is a possibility to make a new friend.”
Still is active in the ABAC Ambassadors, FFA, The Stallion newspaper, and serves as a tutor in the Writing Center of the Academic Assistance Center. Between her academics and her campus involvement, she has learned a valuable lesson at ABAC.
“I’ve learned a lot about time management,” Still said. “I used to be a procrastinator. Since being at ABAC I have learned to manage my time more effectively and how to prioritize."
Once her academic career at ABAC has come to a close, Still plans to attend the University of Georgia to major in broadcast journalism. Her goal is to become a news anchor.
Still says her favorite words to live by come from Jeremiah 29:11, “For I know the plans I have for you, says the Lord, plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.”

Abilene Christian University

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Abilene Christian University
Abilene, Texas 79699
Campus Operator: 325-674-2000
Admissions Helpline: 800-460-6228

A.T. Still University of Health Sciences

Home of the world’s first osteopathic medical school, established in 1892, A.T. Still University is recognized around the world as a renowned, multidisciplinary healthcare educator. ATSU instills in students the compassion and hands-on experience needed to address the needs of the whole person. The University has a rich history of providing leadership for comprehensive healthcare education and research and is consistently ranked in U.S. News and World Report’s “Best Graduate Schools” guide.

Princeton University

General Contacts

University Operator
(609) 258-3000
U-CALL voice directory (609) 258-2255
Academic
Dean of the College (609) 258-3040
Dean of the Faculty (609) 258-3020
Dean of the Graduate School (609) 258-3035
Registrar (609) 258-3360
Community Auditing Program (609) 258-0202
Continuing Education (609) 258-5226
Administration
President's Office
(609) 258-6101
Provost's Office
(609) 258-3026
Vice President and Secretary (609) 258-3019
Executive Vice President (609) 258-3108
Recording Secretary (609) 258-3305
Admission Offices

Graduate (609) 258-3034
Undergraduate (609) 258-3060
Alumni
Alumni Council
(609) 258-1900
Alumni Records (609) 258-3114
Arts & Exhibitions
Art Museum (609) 258-3788
Frist Campus Center Ticket Office (609) 258-1742
Lewis Center for the Arts (609) 258-1500
McCarter Theatre Center (609) 258-6500
McCarter Box Office (609) 258-2787
Princeton University Concerts (609) 258-2800
Richardson Auditorium Ticket Office (609) 258-5000
Theatre Intime (609) 258-4950
University Ticketing (609) 258-9220
Athletics & Recreation
Athletics (609) 258-1800
Athletics Ticket Office (609) 258-3538
Recreational Sports (609) 258-3533
Campus Life
Dean of Undergraduate Students (609) 258-3055
Office of Religious Life (609) 258-3049
Vice President for Campus Life (609) 258-3056
Campus Media
Daily Princetonian (609) 258-3632
Media Relations (609) 258-6108
Princeton Alumni Weekly (609) 258-4885
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University of South Alabama

The Office of Admissions answers US citizen questions about first time admission for the future student to the University.

admiss@usouthal.edu
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housing@usouthal.edu
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webref@jaguar1.usouthal.edu
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alumni@usouthal.edu
The Office of Public Relations answers questions about official communications and official activities of the University. This includes information about the opening or closing of the University due to natural disasters or other extraordinary events.

kayers@usouthal.edu
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strief@usouthal.edu
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scobb@usouthal.edu

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Stanford University

GENERAL CONTACT INFORMATION
Telephone (campus operator):
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Stanford University
450 Serra Mall
Stanford, CA 94305–2004

Note: University departments / offices have unique mailing addresses. Please consult the campus directory or departmental websites.

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Lincoln University Admissions

Office of the Registrar
PO Box 179
Lincoln University, PA 19352
Tel: (800) 739-4461 (484) 365- 8087
Fax: (484) 365-8116
Lincoln Hall, 2nd Floo

CMOS and RTC

There is other start-up information that normally stays the same but that we might want to change once in a while. This includes info about the various pieces of hardware connected to the system, which disk drive to check first for the operating system and that sort of thing. This data can’t be stored on the hard drive because we need it to boot up. It can’t be stored in RAM because it will be lost at power-off, and it can’t be stored in the BIOS because we might need to change it.
The problem is solved by a type of RAM chip that uses very low power, and it is connected to a battery. This type of low-power memory chip is called CMOS. It stands for the type of technology used in the chip, which is Complementary MetalOxideSubstrate. This is probably more than you need to know, but I’m a fanatic about defining things. By the way, since batteries don’t last forever, if you leave your computer unplugged for about 5 years you’ll find it needs a bit of trickery to get it to boot again, because the CMOS information will be gone.
There is another feature in the computer that has the same requirements as CMOS, and that is the date and time function. This obviously needs to change very minute, but we don’t want to lose track when the computer is turned off. The circuitry for this is called the RTC or Real Time Clock, and for convenience it is usually included in the same chip with the CMOS. A little trickle of juice from the CMOS battery keeps the clock running, and when you turn the computer on again it knows exactly what time and day it is. Convenient, isn’t it?

More About Video

The monitor is a passive device that just displays the video output from the system. However, so much data is needed for the constantly changing screen display that special provisions are made for it.
The video card (or video circuitry on the motherboard) has its own RAM memory just to hold the display information, and its own ROM BIOS to control the output. Some motherboards even have a special high-speed connection between the CPU and the video. It’s called the AGP, or Accelerated Graphics Port.
The important numbers in evaluating a video display are how many distinct colors can be displayed and also the resolution, which is how many pixels the image contains across and from top to bottom. Each dot of color making up the image is one pixel. As video technology evolved there have been a number of standards, and each one has its own set of initials like EGA, CGA or VGA. A common one isSVGA, which stands for SuperVideo Graphics Array and has a resolution of 800x600 (that’s 800 pixels across and 600 down). Some high-performance monitors use SXGA (1280x1024) or even UXGA with a resolution of 1600x1200.

More About Disk Drives

Floppies – Although floppy drives are being phased out in some new computers, there are still millions of them out there and you should know something about them. The floppy drive has a little slot on the face of the computer cabinet, and into this slot you can slide a floppy diskette like the one shown here. One of the reasons floppy drives are still around is that it is very easy to take a floppy diskette from one system to another.
Inside the floppy diskette is a round flat disk coated with iron oxide on each side so that data can be stored on it magnetically. This disk is called a platter, and it spins underneath an electro-magnet called the write head that puts data onto the platter surface. There is another head called the read head that copies data from the platter.
Once the disk has made one complete revolution, data is written all the way around. That is called a track. The head then moves a bit and writes another circle of data to create a second track. Altogether, there are 80 tracks on each side, for a total of 160. Altogether, the floppy can hold 1.44 MB (megabytes) of data.
If we are looking for just a few bytes out of 1.44 million, it’s not enough to know which track it is in. To help narrow the search, the track is divided into 18 pieces, calledsectors, which look much like a slice of pie. Each sector holds 512 bytes of data, so if we know the track and sector number of the data we want it won’t be hard to find.
Hard Drives – On a hard drive, data is also organized into tracks and sectors. While each sector still holds 512 bytes, there can be many more tracks and sectors on a platter. There are also multiple platters, one on top of the other like a stack of pancakes. Hard drives can hold much more data than floppies, sometimes into the billions of bytes, calledgigabytes(GB).
Multiple platters require multiple read and write heads, all attached to the same arm so they move together. It’s called an actuator arm. When we are reading track number 10 on the top platter, the other heads are also positioned over track 10 of the other platters, and together all of these track 10s make up a cylinder. To specify the location of data on a hard drive it is necessary to say what cylinder, then the track and sector. Moving the heads from one cylinder to another is called a seek, and the amount of time this takes is the average seek time.
Although hard drives can hold much more data than floppies, the platters are sealed into a metal case that is fastened inside the computer cabinet, so it’s not an easy matter to move from one system to another like you can with floppies. A hard drive is sometimes called a fixed diskfor this reason.
Operating systems use a couple of different methods to keep track of what data is stored where on a drive. One common method uses a table called a File Allocation Tableor FAT, which is a section of the disk with pointers to data locations. There are two versions, calledFAT16 and FAT32. Windows NT, XP and 2000 use a similar method called NTFS.
There are two different interfaces commonly by hard drives to talk to the rest of the system. These are called IDE for Integrated Drive Electronics, and SCSI forSmallComputer System Interconnect. The technical differences are not important at this point, but you should know about the two types because they are not interchangeable.
Figuring out where the heads should go next and then moving them there is the job of some electronic circuitry called the disk controller. Every disk drive has its own controller, which may be on the motherboard or inside the drive itself, depending on the type of drive.
There are a few more things you should know about disk drives before we leave the subject. The first sector of Cylinder 0, Track 0 is called the boot sector, and it contains aMaster Boot Record (MBR) that shows whether the disk contains an operating system and the location of the code. If there is more than one operating system, the drive must be divided into multiple partitions. If not, then the whole drive will be a single partition. All of the disk space assigned to a partition is called a volume.
Another term you will encounter is a disk format. There is a high-level format, which creates a new file allocation table and is done with a FORMAT command. There is also alow-level format that creates a new pattern of sectors. A low-level format must be followed by an FDISK command to create a new Master Boot Record and partitions.
Last, we have the word media. This refers to the actual surface holding the data, which is the platter in the case of a disk drive. Because the floppy platter can be taken out of the drive, it is called removable media, while a hard drive is calledfixed media.
Other Drives – Most systems today, especially home systems, have additional storage drives that use CD or DVD discs. The technology for both is similar but DVDs hold much more data. These drives do not store data magnetically but use optical markings that are read with a laser. They are mostly used just to read data and not to write it. The full name for CD in fact is CD-ROM, which stands forCompact Disc - Read Only Memory. However, there are versions that can be used to write also, and these are called CD-RW and DVD-RW. Even so they are mostly used to write just once for permanent storage, and are not practical for constantly changing data.
Like hard drives, CD-ROM drives can use either an IDE or SCSI interface. The version of IDE for CD-ROM drives is called ATAPI, and for SCSI the CD-ROM version is ASPI.
Because the discs can be removed, CD-ROM and DVD are considered removable media. There are other types of removable media also that are not as common, such as tape drives and Zip disks, which are similar to floppies but with a storage capacity of 100 or 250 MB. Zip disks and tape drives also use the ATAPI interface.

Computer program

A computer program (also a software program, or just a program) is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer.A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-readable source code form, from which executable programs are derived (e.g., compiled), enables a programmer to study and develop its algorithms.
Computer source code is often written by professional computer programmers. Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming. Source code may be converted into an executable file (sometimes called an executable program or a binary) by a compiler and later executed by a central processing unit. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed with the aid of an interpreter, or may be embedded directly into hardware.
Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines: system software and application software. Many computer programs may run simultaneously on a single computer, a process known as multitasking

Programming

Computer programming is the iterative process of writing or editing source code. Editing source code involves testing, analyzing, and refining, and sometimes coordinating with other programmers on a jointly developed program. A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer, software developer or coder. The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development. The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline.

Google

Google Inc. is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking, and video sharing services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the same technologies. Google has also developed an open source web browser and a mobile operating system. The Google headquarters, the Googleplex, is located in Mountain View, California. As of March 31, 2009 (2009 -03-31)[update], the company has 19,786 full-time employees. The company is running millions of servers worldwide, which process about 1 petabyte of user-generated data every hour. Google conducts hundreds of millions of search requests every day.
Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University and the company was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. The initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004, raising $1.67 billion, implying a value for the entire corporation of $23 billion. Google has continued its growth through a series of new product developments, acquisitions, and partnerships. Environmentalism, philanthropy and positive employee relations have been important tenets during the growth of Google. The company has been identified multiple times as Fortune Magazine's #1 Best Place to Work, and as the most powerful brand in the world (according to the Millward Brown Group).
Google's mission is "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful". The unofficial company slogan, coined by former employee and Gmail's first engineer Paul Buchheit, is "Don't be evil". Criticism of Google includes concerns regarding the privacy of personal information, copyright, and censorship.

Google stops digitizing old newspapers

A woman reads the front page of the New York Times on the Internet in Washington, DC, 2010. Google on Friday had stopped digitizing old newspapers as publishers sought to make money off story archives instead of having them hosted free online.
Google on Friday had stopped digitizing old newspapers as publishers sought to make money off story archives instead of having them hosted free online.

IBM briefly tops Microsoft in market value

A man walks past the IBM logo at the world's biggest high-tech fair, the CeBIT, in Hanover, Germany 2009. IBM briefly topped Microsoft in market value on Wall Street on Friday to become the second-largest technology company after Apple.
IBM briefly topped Microsoft in market value on Wall Street on Friday to become the second-largest technology company after Apple.

XDR™2 Memory Architecture

he XDR™2 memory architecture is the world's fastest memory system solution capable of providing more than twice the peak bandwidth per device when compared to a GDDR5-based system. Further, the XDR 2 memory architecture delivers this performance at 30% lower power than GDDR5 at equivalent bandwidth.

Designed for scalability, power efficiency and manufacturability, the XDR 2 architecture is a complete memory solution ideally suited for high-performance gaming, graphics and multi-core compute applications. Each XDR 2 DRAM can deliver up to 80GB/s of peak bandwidth from a single, 4-byte-wide, 20Gbps XDR 2 DRAM device. With this capability, systems can achieve memory bandwidth of over 500GB/s on a single SoC.
Capable of data rates up to 20Gbps, the XDR 2 architecture is part of the award-winning family of XDR products. With backwards compatibility to XDR DRAM and single-ended industry-standard memories, the XDR 2 architecture is part of a continuously compatible roadmap, offering a path for both performance upgrades and system cost reductions.

Terabyte Bandwidth Initiative

The Rambus Terabyte Bandwidth Initiative reflects Rambus' ongoing commitment to innovation in cutting-edge performance memory architectures to enable tomorrow's most exciting gaming and graphics products. Targeting a terabyte per second (TB/s) of memory bandwidth (1 terabyte = 1,024 gigabytes) from a single System-on-Chip (SoC), Rambus has pioneered new memory technologies capable of signaling at 20 gigabits per second (Gbps) while maintaining best-in-class power efficiency. In order to enable the transition from current generation memory architectures, Rambus has developed innovations that support both single-ended and differential memory interfaces in a single SoC package design with no additional pins.
The patented Rambus innovations that enable this breakthrough performance, unmatched power efficiency and multi-modal functionality include:
32X Data Rate – Enables high data rates while maintaining a low frequency system clock.
Fully Differential Memory Architecture (FDMA) – Improves signal integrity and reduces power consumption at high-speed operation.
FlexLink™ Command/Address (C/A) – Reduces the number of pins required for the C/A link.
FlexMode™ Interface – Provides multi-modal functionality, either single-ended or differential in a single SoC package design with no additional pins.
These innovations offer increased performance, higher and scalable data bandwidth, area optimization, enhanced signal integrity, and multi-modal capability for gaming, graphics and multi-core computing applications. With these innovations and others developed through the Terabyte Bandwidth Initiative, Rambus will provide the foundation for future memory architectures over the next decade.
Background

Graphics cards and game consoles continue to be the marquee performance products for consumers. The insatiable demand for photorealistic game play, 3D images, and a richer end-user experience is constantly pushing system and memory requirements higher. Today's high-end graphics processors support as much as 128 gigabytes per second (GB/s) of memory bandwidth, and future generations will push memory bandwidth to upwards of 1 terabyte per second (TB/s).
However, increased data rates will be only one of the challenges for future graphics processors and game consoles. Historically, as performance has increased, so have power consumption and the physical size of the processor; two trends that cannot continue unchecked due to the physical limitations for both thermals and manufacturing. Future generation gaming and graphics memory systems must be able to deliver ultra-high bandwidth without significantly increasing the power consumption or pin count over current solutions.
Innovations

Rambus' Terabyte Bandwidth Initiative incorporates breakthrough innovations to achieve 1TB/s of bandwidth on a single (SoC). These patented innovations include:
32X Data Rate transfers 32 bits of data per I/O on each clock cycle.
Asymmetric Equalization improves overall signal integrity while minimizing the complexity and cost of the DRAM device.
Enhanced Dynamic Point to Point (DPP) enables increased scaling of memory system capacity and access granularity.
Enhanced FlexPhase™ Timing Adjustment enables flexible phase relationships between signals, allowing precise on-chip alignment of data with clock.
FlexPhase circuit enhancements improve sensitivity and capability for very high performance memory systems operating at data rates of 10Gbps and higher.
FlexLink C/A is the industry's first full-speed, scalable, point-to-point command/address implemented through a single, differential, high-speed communications channel.
FlexMode Interface is a programmable assignment of signaling I/Os as data (DQ) or C/A, for either a single-ended or differential interface.
FDMA is the industry's first memory architecture that incorporates differential signaling technology on all key signal connections between the memory controller and the DRAM.
Jitter Reduction Technology improves the signal integrity of very high-speed communications links.

Understanding the Energy Consumption of Dynamic Random Access Memories

Energy consumption has become a major constraint on the capabilities of computer systems. In large systems the energy consumed by Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAM) is a significant part of the total energy consumption. It is possible to calculate the energy consumption of currently available DRAMs from their datasheets, but datasheets don’t allow extrapolation to future DRAM technologies and don’t show how other changes like increasing bandwidth requirements change DRAM energy consumption. This paper first presents a flexible DRAM power model which uses a description of DRAM architecture, technology and operation to calculate power usage and verifies it against datasheet values. Then the model is used together with assumptions about the DRAM roadmap to extrapolate DRAM energy consumption to future DRAM generations. Using this model we evaluate some of the proposed DRAM power reduction schemes.

Mobile Applications

Consumers have come to expect the entertainment experience of the living room from the mobile devices they carry every day. Advanced mobile devices offer high-definition (HD) resolution video recording, multi-megapixel digital image capture, 3D gaming and media-rich web applications. To pack all that functionality in a form factor that's thin, light and delivered with a pleasing aesthetic presents a tremendous challenge for mobile device designers. Chief among these challenges is the implementation of a high-performance memory architecture that meets the power efficiency constraints of battery-operated products.

In order to support these advanced mobile devices, memory bandwidth will experience significant growth. Over the course of the next 2-3 years, mobile gaming and graphics applications will push memory bandwidth requirements to 12.8 gigabytes per second and beyond. This bandwidth must be achieved within the constraints of the available battery life and cost budget.

Gaming and Graphics Applications

Gaming and Graphics Applications

Gaming and graphics are the performance applications for processors and memory. As such, leading-edge technology debuts here and eventually migrates to mainstream computing, mobile, and consumer electronics applications over time. State-of-the-art GPUs deliver functionality including photorealistic game characters and environments, support for multiple simultaneous displays, 3D image processing and video output, and full HD 1080p resolution. In order to support this functionality, the number of graphics processor cores and transistor counts per chip are skyrocketing. High-end GPUs have over 2 billion transistors and more than 1000 graphics processor cores up from less than 100 just 5 years ago.
Historically, these performance increases have come with a commensurate rise in power consumption. However, because of thermal, power supply and cost constraints that trend cannot continue. Top-of-the-line dual-GPU graphics cards and game consoles can draw as much as 300 watts (W) of power and must allocate a significant portion of the bill-of-materials (BOM) for the cooling system. While demand for higher performance will be ever present, power efficiency will increasingly become a first-order requirement.
GPU’s must also be scalable to support a broad range of performance levels and price points. Although they are the performance drivers, high-end graphics cards make up only a small percentage of the overall market. A single GPU platform must be configurable through the use of multiple memory types, or a single memory with a wide performance range.
The combination of these factors puts tremendous demands on the graphics memory system. Bandwidth requirements for next-generation gaming and graphics systems will exceed 500 gigabytes per second (GB/s). Meanwhile the total power budget must remain constant or even decrease. Similarly, price points must remain essentially unchanged for each of the respective performance segments.

HDTV Applications

HDTV Applications

“The year 2010 marks a major transition period for the US LCD TV market, when consumers increasingly are gravitating towards sets with more advanced features.” - Riddhi Patel, iSuppli Principal TV Analyst
Consumer research finds that among advanced features, HDTV buyers' top priority is picture quality. Capabilities such as full HD 1080p resolution, 480Hz frame rates, LED backlighting, 3D display, and advanced image processing and motion compensation create incredibly rich viewing experiences. Each of these capabilities demands higher levels of memory bandwidth.

In the future, consumers will expect even more. With requirements for handling multiple streams of 3D content, Ultra-High Definition (UHD) 4K picture resolution, 16-bit color and more, HDTV designers need a memory architecture that provides the highest bandwidth performance. However, even as functionality increases, OEMs will continue to face strong downward pressure on prices. Consumer focus on pricing is second only to picture quality. For this reason, achieving these advanced features while reducing BOM costs and minimizing the total number of devices used is critical.
As a result of recent government mandates and consumers’ desire to “buy green,” OEMs must also significantly reduce HDTV system power. Typical HDTV power budgets must fall by as much as 50% by 2013 in order to meet the most stringent requirements. Key to addressing power reduction is the move to LED technology for LCD backlights, and continued improvements to power efficiency of electronics components including the image processors and memory subsystem.

Computing Applications

Computing Applications
The dramatic increase of digital content and ubiquitous network connectivity has given rise to the growing trend of cloud-based applications and the requirement for increased server-side compute power. From social networking to distribution of movies and music, demand for an enriched end-user experience and increased performance in next-generation computing applications is never-ending.
Driven by recent multi-core computing, virtualization and processor integration trends, the computing industry is in need of a next-generation main memory solution with higher data rates and lower power. Today more than ever, power consumption is a first order concern, particularly when one considers a server farm can consume over 100 megawatts. The divergence of these two requirements – higher performance and lower power - presents a difficult challenge for the design of future memories.

In addition to power-efficiency challenges, future memory solutions face potential bottlenecks in access efficiency and capacity, both of which become more difficult to solve as memory speeds rise. These challenges are heightened when combined with the memory access requirements of multi-threaded, multi-core processors.

General Lighting Applications

General Lighting Applications

LEDs: The Eco-Friendly Lighting Solution

Light emitting diodes (LED) hold great promise for the general lighting market. LED-based lights have long operational lifespans and are energy efficient. LEDs are far superior to incandescent lights and have a luminous efficiency which rivals that of fluorescent lights. Unlike fluorescents, LED-based lights contain no mercury and have no special disposal requirements making them an eco-friendly solution as well.

In spite of their many advantages, the high cost of LED-based lights has translated into only small inroads in the general lighting market. Rambus' lighting solutions address this issue by using its patented innovations to dramatically reduce the bill-of-materials cost of LED-based lighting. These solutions make possible affordable LED lighting products for broad adoption across the general lighting market.
LED Edge-lit Optical Design

Edge lighting employs LEDs in a highly efficient manner that enables ultra-thin form factors and great flexibility in the size and shape of lighting products. Thanks to Rambus' patented innovations and optical design know-how, LED edge-lit lighting fixtures can be illuminated with superior brightness and control while reducing the total number of LEDs. Further, the ability to place all of the LEDs along as few as one side of the light fixture greatly simplifies thermal management and provides greater flexibility in lighting system implementations.

Reimagining Lighting

LED edge-lit technology can enable a broad range of residential and commercial lighting fixtures. Examples include under-counter, retail display, office overhead lighting, and recessed soffit lighting. In addition, edge-lit fixtures can be flexible and implemented in a variety of sizes and shapes. This gives architects and designers freedom from the constraints of legacy form factors of bulb and tube-based lighting. This allows a reimagining of lighting solutions where lighting can be integrated into virtually any object to create beautiful living and work environments.
A Bright Future for LED Lighting

The benefits of LED technology combined with emerging government mandates to eliminate incandescent light bulbs and to limit the use of mercury will ultimately make LEDs the preferred light source for commercial and residential applications. Rambus' innovations and solutions, by dramatically reducing bill-of-material costs and making the most effective use of LEDs, can greatly accelerate the broad market adoption of LED-based general lighting solutions

XDR™ Memory Architecture

XDR™ Memory Architecture

The Rambus XDR™ memory architecture is a total memory system solution that achieves an order of magnitude higher performance than today's standard memories while utilizing the fewest ICs. Perfect for compute and consumer electronics applications, a single, 4-byte-wide, 6.4Gbps XDR DRAM component provides 25.6GB/s of peak memory bandwidth.
Key components enabling the breakthrough performance of the XDR memory architecture are:
XDR DRAM is a high-speed memory IC that turbo-charges standard CMOS DRAM cores with a high-speed interface capable of 7.2Gbps data rates providing up to 28.8GB/s of bandwidth with a single device.

Display Applications

Overcoming the Drawbacks of Fluorescent Lamps

Liquid crystal display (LCD), thanks to continued improvements in resolution, response rates and scalability, has become the pervasive display technology for mobile phones, monitors, notebooks, HDTVs and other consumer electronics. Since LCD panels are transmissive and emit no light of their own, they require a backlight to provide illumination. Commonly, LCD backlighting units (BLUs) employed cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), similar to those used for commercial overhead lights, as their light source. However, CCFLs have a number of drawbacks. They require a high voltage power supply and generally are the highest power consuming component in large format displays and HDTVs. CCFLs contain mercury which has special disposal requirements and faces increasing limits on its use in many countries. Also, the space needed by CCFLs constrains how thin an LCD panel can be made. And as CCFLs are a tube-based technology, they are usually the first component to fail in an LCD display.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) offer a semiconductor-based lighting solution which overcomes the limitations of CCFLs. With continued advancements in brightness and efficiency, LEDs are displacing CCFLs in backlighting applications, and as their price continues to drop, will take their place as a general lighting solution as well. LEDs deliver higher brightness than CCFLs and better power efficiency (more lumens per watt), use a lower-voltage power supply and generate less heat. LEDs can produce a much wider color gamut making movies and images appear more vibrant and lifelike. Because of their compact nature, LED backlights can enable ultra-slim displays and HDTVs less than half an inch thick. As a solid state component, like the other semiconductor devices in mobile phones, computers and HDTVs, LEDs have much longer lifetimes than CCFLs.

Harnessing the Benefits of LEDs

However, harnessing all the benefits of LEDs for backlighting still entails challenges. As point sources of light, LEDs can be used in an array topology in the backlight to directly illuminate the LCD panel. An array requires a high number of LEDs and therefore can be very expensive. In addition, in order to properly diffuse the light, arrays require a greater distance between the LEDs and the LCD panel, resulting in a thicker display. A thinner and more cost-effective solution is to use LEDs in an edge-lit configuration with a light guide panel (LGP) to turn the light into the viewing plane and distribute it across the display. This requires fewer LEDs but introduces the problem of maintaining uniformity of brightness over the entire backlight area. Maintaining uniformity and achieving the full benefits of edge-lit technology necessitates a high-efficiency LGP that can be economically manufactured.

Radio telescopes capture best-ever snapshot of black hole jets (w/ video)

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Merging X-ray data (blue) from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory with microwave (orange) and visible images reveals the jets and radio-emitting lobes emanating from Centaurus A's central black hole. Credit: ESO/WFI (visible); MPIfR/ESO/APEX/A.Weiss et al. (microwave); NASA/CXC/CfA/R.Kraft et al. (X-ray)
(PhysOrg.com) -- An international team, including NASA-funded researchers, using radio telescopes located throughout the Southern Hemisphere has produced the most detailed image of particle jets erupting from a supermassive black hole in a nearby galaxy.

galaxies

"Advanced computer techniques allow us to combine data from the individual telescopes to yield images with the sharpness of a single giant telescope, one nearly as large as Earth itself," said Roopesh Ojha at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.
The enormous energy output of galaxies like Cen A comes from gas falling toward a black hole weighing millions of times the sun's mass. Through processes not fully understood, some of this infalling matter is ejected in opposing jets at a substantial fraction of the speed of light. Detailed views of the jet's structure will help astronomers determine how they form.
The jets strongly interact with surrounding gas, at times possibly changing a galaxy's rate of star formation. Jets play an important but poorly understood role in the formation and evolution of galaxies.

Enlarge
Left: The giant elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 is the radio source known as Centaurus A. Vast radio-emitting lobes (shown as orange in this optical/radio composite) extend nearly a million light-years from the galaxy. Credit: Capella Observatory (optical), with radio data from Ilana Feain, Tim Cornwell, and Ron Ekers (CSIRO/ATNF), R. Morganti (ASTRON), and N. Junkes (MPIfR). Right: The radio image from the TANAMI project provides the sharpest-ever view of a supermassive black hole's jets. This view reveals the inner 4.16 light-years of the jet and counterjet, a span less than the distance between our sun and the nearest star. The image resolves details as small as 15 light-days across. Undetected between the jets is the galaxy's 55-million-solar-mass black hole. Credit: Credit: NASA/TANAMI/Müller et al.
NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has detected much higher-energy radiation from Cen A's central region. "This radiation is billions of times more energetic than the radio waves we detect, and exactly where it originates remains a mystery," said Matthias Kadler at the University of Wuerzburg in Germany and a collaborator of Ojha. "With TANAMI, we hope to probe the galaxy's innermost depths to find out."
Ojha is funded through a Fermi investigation on multiwavelength studies of Active Galactic Nuclei.
The astronomers credit continuing improvements in the Australian Long Baseline Array (LBA) with TANAMI's enormously increased image quality and resolution. The project augments the LBA with telescopes in South Africa, Chile and Antarctica to explore the brightest galactic jets in the southern sky.

NASA sees Tropical Storm 04W's thunderstorms grow quickly

This TRMM satellite 3-D image shows that some thunderstorm towers near TSO4W's center of circulation were punching up to heights of over 16 km (~9.9 miles) above the ocean's surface. Credit: Credit: NASA/SSAI, Hal Pierce


Tropical Storm 04W formed from the low pressure System 98W this morning in the northwestern Pacific. NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite watched the towering thunderstorms in the center of the tropical storm grow to almost 10 miles (16 km) high as it powered up quickly.

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NASA Events

NASA Events

Solar Storm Warning

March 10, 2006: It's official: Solar minimum has arrived. Sunspots have all but vanished. Solar flares are nonexistent. The sun is utterly quiet.
Like the quiet before a storm.
This week researchers announced that a storm is coming--the most intense solar maximum in fifty years. The prediction comes from a team led by Mausumi Dikpati of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). "The next sunspot cycle will be 30% to 50% stronger than the previous one," she says. If correct, the years ahead could produce a burst of solar activity second only to the historic Solar Max of 1958.
That was a solar maximum. The Space Age was just beginning: Sputnik was launched in Oct. 1957 and Explorer 1 (the first US satellite) in Jan. 1958. In 1958 you couldn't tell that a solar storm was underway by looking at the bars on your cell phone; cell phones didn't exist. Even so, people knew something big was happening when Northern Lights were sighted three times in Mexico. A similar maximum now would be noticed by its effect on cell phones, GPS, weather satellites and many other modern technologies.
Right: Intense auroras over Fairbanks, Alaska, in 1958

Super Storm on Saturn

May 19, 2011: NASA's Cassini spacecraft and a European Southern Observatory ground-based telescope are tracking the growth of a giant early-spring storm in Saturn's northern hemisphere so powerful that it stretches around the entire planet. The rare storm has been wreaking havoc for months and shooting plumes of gas high into the planet's atmosphere.

This false-color infrared image shows clouds of large ammonia ice particles dredged up by the powerful storm. Credit: Cassini. [more]
"Nothing on Earth comes close to this powerful storm," says Leigh Fletcher, a Cassini team scientist at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, and lead author of a study that appeared in this week's edition of Science Magazine. "A storm like this is rare. This is only the sixth one to be recorded since 1876, and the last was way back in 1990."
Cassini's radio and plasma wave science instrument first detected the large disturbance in December 2010, and amateur astronomers have been watching it ever since through backyard telescopes. As it rapidly expanded, the storm's core developed into a giant, powerful thunderstorm, producing a 3,000-mile-wide (5,000-kilometer-wide) dark vortex possibly similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
This is the first major storm on Saturn observed by an orbiting spacecraft and studied at thermal infrared wavelengths. Infrared observations are key because heat tells researchers a great deal about conditions inside the storm, including temperatures, winds, and atmospheric composition. Temperature data were provided by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) on Cerro Paranal in Chile and Cassini's composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS), operated by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.
"Our new observations show that the storm had a major effect on the atmosphere, transporting energy and material over great distances -- creating meandering jet streams and forming giant vortices -- and disrupting Saturn's seasonal [weather patterns]," said Glenn Orton, a paper co-author, based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
The violence of the storm -- the strongest disturbances ever detected in Saturn's stratosphere -- took researchers by surprise. What started as an ordinary disturbance deep in Saturn's atmosphere punched through the planet's serene cloud cover to roil the high layer known as the stratosphere.

Thermal infrared images of Saturn from the Very Large Telescope Imager and Spectrometer for the mid-Infrared (VISIR) instrument on the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, on Cerro Paranal, Chile, appear at center and on the right. An amateur visible-light image from Trevor Barry, of Broken Hill, Australia, appears on the left. The images were obtained on Jan. 19, 2011. [more]
"On Earth, the lower stratosphere is where commercial airplanes generally fly to avoid storms which can cause turbulence," says Brigette Hesman, a scientist at the University of Maryland in College Park who works on the CIRS team at Goddard and is the second author on the paper. "If you were flying in an airplane on Saturn, this storm would reach so high up, it would probably be impossible to avoid it."
A separate analysis using Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer, led by Kevin Baines of JPL, confirmed the storm is very violent, dredging up deep material in volumes several times larger than previous storms. Other Cassini scientists are studying the evolving storm and, they say, a more extensive picture will emerge soon.

Free-Floating Planets May Be More Common Than Stars

May 18, 2011: Astronomers have discovered a new class of Jupiter-sized planets floating alone in the dark of space, away from the light of a star. The team believes these lone worlds are probably outcasts from developing planetary systems and, moreover, they could be twice as numerous as the stars themselves.
"Although free-floating planets have been predicted, they finally have been detected," said Mario Perez, exoplanet program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "[This has] major implications for models of planetary formation and evolution."
The discovery is based on a joint Japan-New Zealand survey that scanned the center of the Milky Way galaxy during 2006 and 2007, revealing evidence for up to 10 free-floating planets roughly the mass of Jupiter. The isolated orbs, also known as orphan planets, are difficult to spot, and had gone undetected until now. The planets are located at an average approximate distance of 10,000 to 20,000 light years from Earth.

This artist's concept illustrates a Jupiter-like planet alone in the dark of space, floating freely without a parent star. [larger image] [video]
This could be just the tip of the iceberg. The team estimates there are about twice as many free-floating Jupiter-mass planets as stars. In addition, these worlds are thought to be at least as common as planets that orbit stars. This adds up to hundreds of billions of lone planets in our Milky Way galaxy alone.
"Our survey is like a population census," said David Bennett, a NASA and National Science Foundation-funded co-author of the study from the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Ind. "We sampled a portion of the galaxy, and based on these data, can estimate overall numbers in the galaxy."
The study, led by Takahiro Sumi from Osaka University in Japan, appears in the May 19 issue of the journal Nature. The survey is not sensitive to planets smaller than Jupiter and Saturn, but theories suggest lower-mass planets like Earth should be ejected from their stars more often. As a result, they are thought to be more common than free-floating Jupiters.
Previous observations spotted a handful of free-floating planet-like objects within star-forming clusters, with masses three times that of Jupiter. But scientists suspect the gaseous bodies form more like stars than planets. These small, dim orbs, called brown dwarfs, grow from collapsing balls of gas and dust, but lack the mass to ignite their nuclear fuel and shine with starlight. It is thought the smallest brown dwarfs are approximately the size of large planets.

A video from JPL describes the microlensing technique astronomers used to detect the orphan planets.
On the other hand, it is likely that some planets are ejected from their early, turbulent solar systems, due to close gravitational encounters with other planets or stars. Without a star to circle, these planets would move through the galaxy as our sun and others stars do, in stable orbits around the galaxy's center. The discovery of 10 free-floating Jupiters supports the ejection scenario, though it's possible both mechanisms are at play.
"If free-floating planets formed like stars, then we would have expected to see only one or two of them in our survey instead of 10," Bennett said. "Our results suggest that planetary systems often become unstable, with planets being kicked out from their places of birth."
The observations cannot rule out the possibility that some of these planets may be in orbit around distant stars, but other research indicates Jupiter-mass planets in such distant orbits are rare.
The survey, the Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA), is named in part after a giant wingless, extinct bird family from New Zealand called the moa. A 5.9-foot (1.8-meter) telescope at Mount John University Observatory in New Zealand is used to regularly scan the copious stars at the center of our galaxy for gravitational microlensing events. These occur when something, such as a star or planet, passes in front of another more distant star. The passing body's gravity warps the light of the background star, causing it to magnify and brighten. Heftier passing bodies, like massive stars, will warp the light of the background star to a greater extent,resulting in brightening events that can last weeks. Small planet-size bodies will cause less of a distortion, and brighten a star for only a few days or less.
A second microlensing survey group, the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE), contributed to this discovery using a 4.2-foot (1.3 meter) telescope in Chile. The OGLE group also observed many of the same events, and their observations independently confirmed the analysis of the MOA group.

MSFC Earth-Sun Studies Featured at AGU

AGU
December 13, 1996
Fountains of electrified gases spewing from the Earth into space and pictures of the aurora during the day will be highlighted by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) annual winter conference in San Francisco Dec. 15-19.
AGU is one of the largest scientific bodies in the world and takes in everything from earthquakes to solar flares - including work by scientists at Marshall Space Flight Center's Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) to understand what drives the aurora borealis and causes space storms that can black out cities.
At at three sessions during the AGU meeting, Marshall scientists will present their results in several papers, written with colleagues from other institutions, from the Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE) and the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI), two of several instruments aboard the Polar spacecraft launched in 1996.
TIDE recently confirmed that plasmas in the tail of the magnetosphere come from Earth's outer atmosphere being warmed by a flow of materials from space. The magnetosphere is formed by the Earth's magnetic field and buffers the planet from the constant wind of gases streaming from the sun.
Press briefings scheduled for the AGU Fall Meeting include:
Imaging Space Plasmas - Polar UVI and the Inner Magnetosphere Imager on which MSFC will have an important camera. Tuesday, Dec. 17, 12:45 p.m.
Sun-Earth Connections - the new era of coordinated solar-terrestrial research by scientists using Polar and other craft. Time TBD.
"There's a raging controversy over whether the magnetosphere stores energy to any degree, or just dissipates what the solar wind throws at it," said Dr. Tom Moore, director of the space plasma physics branch at SSL and principal investigator for TIDE.
Pictures from the UVI will help scientists decide whether the magnetosphere is driven directly by the solar wind, or it stores then discharges energy like a thunder cloud building a lightning charge.
"Northern winter traditionally has been the busy season for plasma scientists," said Dr. James Spann, a UVI co-investigator at SSL, "because that's when the aurora borealis is almost all in the night sky and can be viewed in visible as well as ultraviolet light."
UVI, included in three sessions at AGU, extends the busy season by letting scientists see what happens during the day. Doing this has been a challenge because the atmosphere's ozone layer reflects solar ultraviolet light that blinds most sensors. Previous instruments let scientists see parts of the daytime aurora, or the entire nightside auora. UVI aboard Polar is the first to show all of both day and nightside auroras. It does this with narrow bandpass filters - filters that admit narrowly define colors - that match lights emitted by the auroras.
UVI lets scientists measure, with precision, the energies flowing into the auroral oval. In addition to striking pictures, UVI reveals the footprint of the Earth's magnetic field lines that may stretch into deep space to several times the distance from Earth to Moon.

Scientists "de-SCIFER" Physics of the Earth's Plasma Fountain

August 12, 1996: A recent rocket flight carrying two Space Sciences Laboratory instruments from the Marshall Space Flight Center has returned data that has offered a better understanding of a portion of the Earth's magnetosphere. Much of these data were recently published in a special issue of Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), a science journal for timely, cutting edge research results in geophysics. In all, seven different papers in the July 1 edition of GRL describe the initial results from the SCIFER rocket, which flew in January 1995.

SCIFER, which stands for Sounding of the Cleft Ion Fountain Energization Region, carried two experiments from SSL designed to measure various plasma components in a particular region of the Earth's magnetosphere. The Cleft Ion Fountain is a plasma fountain that sprays plasma made from our atmosphere up over the poles and feeds the plasma storm process on the night side of the Earth. The SCIFER observations show that this region is richer in hydrogen plasma and depleted of oxygen plasma relative to earlier MSFC observations made from the Dynamics Explorer (DE) satellite. Scientists have attributed this result to a difference between high solar activity during the DE flight period and low solar activity during the SCIFER flight.

SCIFER also shows that the fountain heating or "energization region", has a very sharp boundary in the direction of the Earth's equator, only about 1 km thick. Furthermore, plasma in the energization region displays an inverse relationship between the density and temperature; where the temperature is high, the density is low, and vice-versa. This behavior is seen in both the electrons and the ions which make up the plasma. The physics involved in the heating region are not completely understood, however these are significant clues to the operative mechanisms of this heating.

A similar rocket payload named CAPER with two additional MSFC experiments has been selected for launch in early 1998 to further explore this region and better determine the mechanisms of heating.
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Down-to-Earth Fiber Technology Yields Insight into Cosmic Rays

Cosmic Rays
September 3, 1996: Fiber optics have become a regular part of 20th century communication, as familiar to us today as the telegraph wire was a generation before. However the use of fiber optic material goes far beyond its implementation as part of our telephone network. This September, Space Sciences Laboratory scientists will fly a scientific experiment on a high-altitude balloon, like the one pictured below, using fiber optic material to study cosmic rays from space.

Cosmic rays are extremely energetic subatomic particles and atomic nuclei that travel nearly at the speed of light. They continually bombard the earth and permeate all of outer space. Because cosmic rays are so energetic, they can be difficult to detect and analyze, and are best studied from vantage points high above the earth's atmosphere or from space. Traditional cosmic ray detectors, like using a large catcher's mitt to catch a 100 mph fastball, have been large, bulky, and massive. However, the rockets and balloons required to take these detectors to high altitudes and to space have both severe weight and size restrictions.

The Scintillating Optical Fiber Calorimeter (SOFCAL) uses fiber optic technology to allow scientists to measure energies and compositions of cosmic rays. The detector consists of ten pairs of 1/2 millimeter-square optical fibers, arranged in an x-y grid formation. When a cosmic ray interacts with the fibers onboard the experiment, they scintillate, or give off pulses of light. This light can then be collected and analyzed to learn about the cosmic ray that produced the light.

On this flight, which will begin from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico, scientists will be interested in cosmic rays that come in the form of both protons and helium nuclei. By investigating these particular components of the cosmic ray spectrum, scientists hope to gain greater insight into both the origins of cosmic rays and the mechanism that accelerates these particles to speeds approaching the speed of light.

Scientists use Powerful Magnets to Simulate Reduced Gravity During Crystal Growth

June 19, 1996
Scientists from the Space Sciences Laboratory at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center are using magnetic fields up to 100,000 times the strength of the Earth's magnetic field to study the effects of gravity on the growth of silicon and germanium crystals in the laboratory. Magnetic fields are a useful means of simulating reduced gravity during crystal growth.

Crystals are grown by melting a rod of silicon or germanium, both important materials in the manufacturing of computer components, and then cooling the rod under carefully controlled conditions. The diagram at right (click on it for a bigger view) illustrates the industrial method. Traditionally even the most strict controls on laboratory environments could not prevent imperfections and impurities from being generated in the final crystal. One option is to grow these crystals in the near-zero-g environment of space, for example aboard the space shuttle. This resulted in a significant improvement in the quality of crystals that could be grown. However, spaceflight is an expensive option, and growing time is limited.

Using magnetic fields in the laboratory, crystals have been grown under desirable conditions that could only otherwise be obtained in space. Magnetic fields, however, are limited in many ways as a simulator of reduced gravity one of which being the size of crystals that can be grown. The combination of a low-gravity environment in addition to the use of magnetic fields would help to overcome this size limitation. Scientists at MSFC are working on a furnace (at left) to be flown aboard the International Space Station that will combine the benefits of a low-gravity environment and a strong magnetic field.

Unique telescope to open the X(-ray) Files

Artist's concept of AXAF in orbit., The nested mirrors are at center behind the dotted circles.
The finest set of mirrors ever built for X-ray astronomy has arrived at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center for several weeks of calibration before being assembled into a telescope for launch in late 1998.

The High-Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA), as it is known, will be the heart of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) which is managed by Marshall Space Flight Center. HRMA was built by Eastman Kodak and Hughes Danbury Optical Systems. In 1997-98, they will be assembled by TRW Defense and Space Systems into the AXAF spacecraft. AXAF is designed to give astronomers as clear a view of the universe in X-rays as they now have in visible light through the Hubble Space Telescope.

Indeed, one of the Hubble's recent discoveries may move near the top of the list of things to do for AXAF. Hubble recently discovered that some quasars reside within quite ordinary galaxies. Quasars (quasi-stellar objects) are unusually energetic objects which emit up to 1,000 times as much energy as an entire galaxy, but from a volume about the size of our solar system.

More clues to what is happening inside quasars may lie in the X-rays emitted by the most violent forces in the universe.

Before AXAF can embark on that mission, though, its mirrors must be measured with great precision so astronomers will know the exact shape and quality of the mirrors. Then, once the telescope is in space, they will be able to tell when they discover unusual objects, and be able to measure exactly how unusual.

These measurements will be done in Marshall's X-ray Calibration Facility, the world's largest, over the next few weeks.

AXAF will use four sets of mirrors, each set nested inside the other, to focus X-rays by grazing incidence reflection, the same principle that makes sunlight glare off clear windshields. AXAF's smallest mirror - 63 cm (24.8 in.) in diameter - is larger than the biggest - 58 cm (22.8 in.) flown on the Einstein observatory (HEAO-2) in 1978-81.

Mapping the details of the mirror will start with an X-ray source pretty much like what a dentist uses to check your teeth. But that's next week's story.

Fall Science Meeting Highlights Tethered Satellite Results

October 15, 1996

Scientists attending the Fall 1996 meeting of the American Geophysical Union will be treated to three special sessions covering scientific results obtained from the reflight of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS-1R). The conference will take place on December 18 and 19 in San Francisco, California.
The TSS-1R science mission was conducted on space shuttle flight STS-75 at the end of February 1996. During the flight, the Tethered Satellite was deployed to a distance of 12.3 miles (19.7 km) and science data was collected aboard the satellite, the space-shuttle orbiter, and from a network of ground stations monitoring the earth's ionosphere.
Five hours of tethered operation yielded a rich scientific data set. These data include tether current and voltage measurements, plasma particle and wave measurements, and visual observations for a variety of pre-planned science objectives. During the flight the conducting tether connecting the Orbiter to the satellite was severed, and large currents were observed to be flowing between the satellite and the Orbiter during the break event.
Further scientific data were obtained from the instruments on the satellite after the break, when the science and NASA support teams were able to capture telemetry from the satellite during the overflight of NASA tracking stations.
One important finding from TSS-1R has been the high level of current collected by the satellite at relatively low voltage throughout the deployed phase of the mission. Surprisingly large currents were also observed during the tether break and gas releases, indicating important new physics at play. The three Tethered Satellite sessions at the AGU meeting will cover the results of data analysis from the mission, important supporting physics insights from laboratory experiments, theoretical and numerical modeling of current collection during the mission, and the conclusions of recent studies on the future use of tethers for science in space.